PETAI JERUK

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Hari rabu lepas pegi pasar tani beli petai 2ikat..satu ikat ada 3papan rm3 tuk satu ikat...

mak aii mahal gile sehhh..dah la biji2nye tu kecik n ada yg dah busukk..

tergamak die jual cenggitu mahalnyee..tp sbb En.Hubby pye peberet..beli jgk laa..

semalam pegi pasar plak..ada pakcik ni jual rm2 je satu ikat..mata die rapat2 dan bulat2..

waaaaaa ini baru cun..angkat lagi 2ikat..

tuh tgk la leh dpt dkt2 satu botol haaa...

kira penuh gak la..stok tuk bape hari agknye tak tau laa..kehkehhh...

nk wt jeruk petai ni sng aje..tp kalo tak tau tkde la nk mikir camne nk wt kan..

ni mak kawan En.Hubby yg ajarkan kat mommy..

lagi sng wt sndirik dari beli..beli dah la mahal skrg..

kalo wt sndirik leh la ejas cmne nk masin n msmnye..pueh hati mkn byk2..

RESEPI PETAI JERUK:

-petai direbus hingga bertukar kolor gelap...(rebus bersama2 kulit tau)

-dah siap rebus tu asingkan la biji2nye dari kulitnye..(picit2 aje isi nye dah terkeluar)

-rendam biji2 petai tu dgn garam semalaman (nk kasi petai kembung)

-pepagi esk tu bilas dgn air bese

-then,masukkan dalam botol bersama air

-tambah garam dan asam keping..(terpulang ikut suke kite sukatannya)

KHASIAT PETAI YG TIDAK DIKETAHUI

Depresi

Menurut surveY yang dilakukan oleh MIND diantara pesakit yg menderita depresi, banyak orang merasa lebih baik setelah makan petai. Hal ini terjadi kerana petai mengandungi tryptophan, sejenis protein yang diubah tubuh menjadi serotonin. Inilah yang akan membuatkan kita relax, memperbaiki mood dan secara umum membuat seseorang lebih bahagia.

PMS (premenstrual syndrome)

Jika mengalami PMS saat 'tamu' datang, anda tidak perlu minum pil ini ataupun itu, cukup atasi dengan makan petai. Vitamin B6 yang dikandungi petai mengatur kadar gula darah, yang dapat membantu mood.

Anemia

Dengan kandungan zat besi yang tinggi, petai dapat menstimulasi produksi sel darah merah dan membantu apabila terjadi anemia.

Tekanan darah tinggi

Buah tropis unik ini sangat tinggi kalium, tetapi rendah garam, sehingga sangat sempurna untuk memerangi tekanan darah. Begitu tingginya, sehingga FDA Amerika mengizinkan perkebunan petai untuk melakukan klaimresmi mengenai kemampuan buah ini untuk menurunkan risiko tekanan darah dan stroke.

Kemampuan otak

200 siswa di Twickenham (Middlesex) tertolong dengan mudah melalui ujian pada tahun ini kerana memakan petai pada saat sarapan, istirahat, dan makan siang. Riset telah membuktikan bahawa buah dengan kandungan kalium tinggi dapat membantu belajar dengan membantu siswa semakin waspada.

Sembelit

Kerana kandungan serat yang tinggi, maka petai akan mempermudah menormalkan kembali aksi pencernaan, membantu mengatasi permasalahan ini tanpa harus kembali ke laksativ.

Obat mabuk

Salah satu cara paling cepat untuk menyembuhkan"penyakit" mabuk adalah milkshake petai, yang dimaniskan dengan madu. Petai akan membantu menenangkan perut dan dengan bantuan madu akan meningkatkan kadar gula darah yang jatuh, sedangkan susu akan menenangkan dan kembali memperbaiki kadar cairan dalam tubuh.

Kekenyangan

Petai memiliki efek antasid pada tubuh, sehingga bila dada anda terasa panas akibat kebanyakan makan,cubalah makan petai untuk mengurangi sakitnya.

Mual di pagi hari

Makan petai diantara jam makan akan menolong mempertahankan kadar gula dan menghindari muntah.

Gigitan nyamuk

Sebelum anda meraih krim gigitan nyamuk, cuba untukmenggosok daerah yang terkena gigitan dengan bahagian dalam kulit petai. Banyak orang berhasil mengatasi rasa gatal dan bengkak dengan cara ini.

Untuk saraf

Petai mengandung vitamin V dalam jumlah besar, sehinggaakan membantu menenangkan sistem saraf.

Kegemukan

Penelitian di Institute of Psychology Austria menemukan bahawa tekanan pada saat kerja menyebabkan orang sering meraih makanan yang menenangkan seperti coklat dan kerepek. Dengan melihat kepada 5.000 pesakit di rumah sakit, peneliti menemukan bahawa kebanyakan orang menjadi gemuk kerana tekanan kerja yang tinggi. Laporan menyimpulkan bahawa, untuk menghindari nafsu memakan makanan kerana panik, kita butuh mengendalikan kadar gula dalam darah dengan mengambil makanan tinggi karbohidrat setiap dua jam untuk mempertahankan kadarnya tetap.

Luka lambung

Petaai digunakan sebagai makanan untuk merawat pencernaan kerana texturnya yang lembut dan halus. Buah ini adalah satu-satunya buah mentah yang dapat dimakan tanpa menyebabkan stress dalam beberapa kes yang parah. Buah ini juga mampu meneutralkan asam lambung dan mengurangi iritasi dengan melapisi permukaan dalam lambung.

Mengawal suhu badan

Banyak budaya lain yang melihat petai sebagai buah'dingin' yang mampu menurunkan suhu tubuh dan emosi ibu yang menanti kelahiran anaknya. Di Belanda misalnya, ibu hamil akan makan petai untuk meyakinkan agar si bayi lahir dengan suhu tidak tinggi. SeasonalAffective Disorder (SAD) (penyakit emosional yang kacau). Pete dapat membantu penderitas SAD kerena mengandungi pendorong mood alami, tryptophan.

Merokok

Petai dapat menolong orang yang ingin berhenti merokok.Vitamin B6 dan B12 yang dikandungnya, bersama dengan kalium dan magnesium, membantu tubuh cepat sembuh dari efek penghentian nikotin.

Stress

Kalium adalah mineral penting, yang membantu untuk menormalkan detak jantung, mengirim oksigen ke otak dan mengatur keseimbangan cairan tubuh. Ketika kita stress, kecepatan metabolisme kita akan meningkat, sehingga akan mengurangi kadar kalium dalam tubuh. Hal ini dapat diseimbangkan lagi dengan bantuan makan petai yang tinggi kalium.

Stroke

Menurut riset dalam "The New England Journal ofMedicine," makan petai sebagai sebahagian dari makanan sehari-hari akan menurunkan risiko kematian karena stroke sampai 40%.

Caplak

Mereka yang suka berpaling pada pengubatan alami akan berani bersumpah, jika anda ingin mematikan caplak, maka ambil sepotong pete, dan letakkan di caplak itu.Tetap pertahankan pete itu dengan menggunakan plester!

p/s petikan diatas momy kopipes dr blog mane ntah.adoi aii lupa lakk....tp byk bahasa indon laa..sori ye kalo ada yg momy tkleh nk terjemah balik..hehe..harap ia byk membantu..kapan yaa...(uit betul ke ni)..hehe

Fw: KLM: Senaman Batin

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SENAMAN adalah untuk kecergasan tubuh badan, baik lelaki mahu pun perempuan. Apabila kita melakukan senaman, otot kita bergerak cergas dan membina protin dalam otot berkenaan.

Gerakkan otot melancarkan darah dan meningkatkan degupan jantung serta pernafasan selain membebaskan kimia seperti beta endorfin untuk memberi kesegaran.


Senaman juga dapat membantu memantapkan otot yang menjadi benteng anggota sulit lelaki dan perempuan seperti senaman Kegel atau senaman kemutan.

Senaman kemutan membabitkan gerakan mencengkam otot pembukaan lubang najis dan lubang kencing atau mencengkam otot lantai pelvis, seolah-olah mahu menahan kencing atau tahan membuang air besar dan ia dilakukan secara serentak.

Senaman ini jarang dilakukan secara sengaja dan jika dilakukan, biasanya dalam keadaan tertentu seperti menahan kencing apabila tandas penuh.

Jadi jika senaman kemutan ini dilakukan oleh mana-mana individu, baik lelaki atau perempuan, perasaan kurang selesa akan berlaku.

Lelaki akan terasa lubang najis tersempal dan jika buang air besar rasa sembelit. Jika ada buasir, akan jadi ketara dan menyakitkan!

Untuk wanita pula jika senaman kemutan itu dilakukan, dia akan rasa terangsang, lebih lagi jika kedua-dua paha itu dirapatkan. Jika paha direnggangkan sedikit mungkin perasaan terangsang itu kurang.

Cara melakukan senaman kemut ini untuk lelaki ialah seperti berikut, rapatkan kedua-dua paha dan mencengkam lubang najis dan lubang kencing sekali gus dengan padat dan tahan nafas seketika antara tiga hingga lima saat, legakan kemutan dan ulangi sehingga 10 kali.

Lakukannya lima kali sehari dan setiap kali cengkam 10 kali. Ketika melakukan senaman kemut, lelaki itu perlu dalam keadaan selesa iaitu sudah buang air besar dan kecil, baru lakukannya.

Amalan mengemut ini mempunyai khasiatnya tersendiri. Bagi lelaki, kemutan dapat membina otot benteng pangkal zakar yang mana jika zakar erek, mengemut dapat memadatkan pangkal zakar dan menolak serta memerah darah hala ke depan dan menjadikan penghujung zakar lebih padat dan kembang, seolah-olah zakar kelihatan besar bahagian depan!

Untuk wanita, amalan kemutan dapat melangsingkan corong faraj yang lega dan menyempitkan pembukaan faraj yang renggang itu. Dengan corong faraj yang sempit dan kemas, angin tidak mudah masuk ketika wanita bergerak dan hubungan kelamin tidak akan berbunyi seperti angin keluar-masuk!

Amalan mengemut dapat membantu melangsingkan otot kemutan dan membantu mengintimkan hubungan silaturrahim dengan pasangan. Hubungan seksual menjadi lebih seronok dan lebih memberangsangkan.

Senaman kemutan tidak akan dapat membina zakar menjadi panjang atau besar seperti mana yang dipaparkan oleh maklumat dalam internet yang menjual kaedah membesarkan zakar dengan cara senaman kemutan yang kononnya amalan orang Arab.

Bagaimanapun, senaman kemut dapat memberi tenaga dan kekuatan kepada ereksi dan ketika zakar yang erek itu dikemutkan ketika melakukan penetrasi faraj, maka mudah untuk menyalurkan ereksi dalam faraj dan mudah untuk bergerak lancar jika gerakkan zakar dilakukan dalam keadaan kemut.

Malahan mengemut ketika erek dapat mengekalkan ereksi dan dapat bergerak dan mengubah posisi dan merendahkan kemungkinan darah tercicir keluar daripada otot zakar.

Jika gerakkan zakar dilakukan dalam faraj dengan lelaki itu mengemut, pasangan akan dapat rasa nikmat yang lebih dan mudah mencapai klimaks.

Gerakkan zakar dapat dikawal apabila gerakkan zakar dilakukan dalam keadaan berkemut. Jadi amalan kemut dan melakukan senaman kemut dapat menjaga kekuatan ereksi.

ISU MELAMINE!!

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Senarai Produk Yang Tidak Terlibat Dengan Pencemaran Melamine - Kemaskini Sehingga 24.10.2008

Produk Makanan Yang Dianalisa Dan Didapati Mematuhi Tahap Melamine yang Ditetapkan- Kemaskini Sehingga 24.10.2008

Produk Makanan Yang Dianalisa dan DIDAPATI TIDAK MEMATUHI Tahap Melamine yang Ditetapkan- Kemaskini Sehingga 23.10.2008

Q & A Berkenaan Melamine - Kemaskini Sehingga 13.10.2008

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copy + paste + edit by biskuliat from moh.gov.my

Isu Melamin - Langkah Berjaga-Jaga

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Sebagai langkah proaktif, Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia ingin menasihati semua pakar perubatan dan pegawai perubatan sentiasa memantau sekiranya gejala masalah buah pinggang di kalangan bayi akibat keracunan melamin mungkin berlaku seperti:

* Bayi menangis tanpa sebab terutamanya ketika kencing
* Muntah-muntah
* Kencing berdarah (dapat dilihat dengan mata kasar atau melalui mikroskop)
* Kencing sedikit atau tidak kencing langsung
* Keluar batu karang semasa kencing
* Tekanan darah tinggi, sembab dan kesakitan bila terlanggar di bahagian ginjal
* Tanda-tanda hasil dari komplikasi masalah ginjal seperti demam yang tidak diketahui puncanya hasil dari jangkitan kuman/bakterimia atau disebabkan oleh stasis (WHO)

Keadaan seperti di atas jarang berlaku di kalangan kanak-kanak. Sekiranya mengesyaki gejala ini di kalangan mereka, Y. Bhg. Dato’/Datin/Tuan/Puan, perlulah melaporkan kepada ibu pejabat Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia dengan kadar segera.

Melapor Kes
Kes definisi untuk tujuan pelaporan adalah
'An infant with kidney stones or other kidney problems (e.g. anuria, renal failure) having consumed powdered infant formula produced in China before 6 August 2008, and where other potential causes of kidney stones have been excluded by differentials diagnosis'- INFOSAN Emergency Alert Update No.2

Semua kes-kes yang mempunyai/disyaki gejala ini perlu dirujuk kepada pakar pediatrik di hospital berdekatan untuk rawatan lanjut.

Semua kes yang mempunyai/disyaki gejala ini perlu dilaporkan kepada:

Bilik Gerakan Kebangsaan CPRC
Bahagian Kawalan Penyakit
Jabatan Kesihatan Awam
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia
Aras3, Blok E10, Kompleks E
Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan
62590, Putrajaya
Tel:03-88810200/300, 013-6699700
Fax: 03-88810400
Email: cprc@moh.gov.my
Questions and Answers on melamine (WHO)

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copy and paste correctly from MOH.GOV.MY by biskutliat

HEALTHY IMPORTANT

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IMPORTANT TIPS

1) Answer the phone by LEFT ear.

2) Do not drink coffee TWICE a day

3) Do not take pills with COOL water.

4) Do not have HUGE meals after 5pm.

5) Reduce the amount of OILY food you consume.

6) Drink more WATER in the morning, less at night.

7) Keep your distance from hand phone CHARGERS .

8) Do not use headphones/earphone for LONG pe riod of time.

9) Best sleeping time is from 10pm at night to 6am in the morning.

10) Do not lie down immediately after taking medicine before sleeping .

11) When battery is down to the LAST grid/bar, do not answer the phone as the radiation is 1000 times.

Natural Weight-Loss Food: Garlic

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Through the centuries, garlic has been both reviled and revered for its qualities. Today, the gossip about garlic and its apparent disease-preventing potential has reached a fevered pitch. For garlic lovers, that's good news; adding garlic to dishes can punch up the flavor.
When it comes to weight loss, garlic appears to be a miracle food. It contains the compound allicin which has anti-bacterial effects and helps reduce unhealthy fats and cholesterol.


Once you learn to appreciate its pungency, most anything tastes better with garlic. And once you learn its possible health benefits, you may learn to love it.


Health Benefits


The list of health benefits just seems to grow and grow. From preventing heart disease and cancer to fighting off infections, researchers are finding encouraging results with garlic. Behind all the grandiose claims are the compounds that give garlic its biting flavor. The chief health-promoting "ingredients" are allicin and diallyl sulfide, sulfur-containing compounds. Although allicin is destroyed in cooking, other helpful compounds are formed by heat or aren't destroyed by it. This lets cooked garlic give you a health boost. Garlic also contains the powerful antioxidants C and E, and the mineral selenium.


Garlic has been found to lower levels of LDL cholesterol, the "bad" cholesterol, and raise HDL cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol in the short term. Its effects last about three months when taken daily. It may also help to dissolve clots that can lead to heart attacks and strokes. Even when cooked, garlic helps keep cholesterol in your bloodstream from oxidizing and damaging the lining of your blood vessels, which helps prevent the formation of plaque.


Garlic has also been found to inhibit the growth of, or even kill, several kinds of bacteria, including Staphylococcus and Salmonella, as well as many fungi and yeast. Animal studies have found that garlic helps prevent colon, lung, and esophageal cancers. How much is enough? Researchers suggest you can enjoy the benefits of garlic every day by eating a typical clove weighing 3 grams.

Nutritional Values

Garlic
Serving Size: 3 cloves
Calories: 13
Fat:

NASI PUNCA PENYAKIT????

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Selepas makan nasi tenaga semakin berkurangan ?
Selepas makan nasi sendi-sendi semakin ketat ?
Selepas makan nasi otak semakin lembap ?
Selepas makan nasi menjadi lebih mengantuk ?
Kini nasi yang menjadi makanan ruji rakyat Malaysia merupakan salah satu punca kepada berbagai jenis penyakit moden.

Bagaimana ia terjadi ?

Kandungan utama beras ialah karbohidrat dan juga zat-zat yang lain.
Tetapi kini beras telah menjadi makanan (dalam bentuk nasi) yang mempunyai kandungan karbohidrat, air dan protein yang tidak seimbang sehingga mencetuskan berbagai jenis penyakit moden.
Nasi pada zaman ini sudah semakin kurang kadar kanjinya.

Faktor-faktor penyebab

-Tanaman padi dua kali setahun menukar sifat asal padi yang sepatutnya lebih baik ditanam sekali setahun - cukup zat dan sifatnya sebagai 'fitrah'nya.

-Terlalu banyak baja kimia yang boleh menjejaskan tindakbalas kimia dalam tubuh.

-Berlebihan kandungan air yang mempunyai kadar klorin yang tinggi apabila dimasak.

Kesannya ?

Tindak balas kimia di dalam tubuh bercelaru dan tidak dapat menyumbangkan keperluan tenaga malah menimbulkan berbagai karenah penyakit.

Bagaimana mengatasinya ?

Pilih jenis beras yang sesuai dengan kaedah AK. *

Tentukan kaedah memasak nasi terbaik - dengan menggunakan air beralkali.

Diet atau berhenti memakan nasi untuk satu tempoh contohnya 2 minggu setiap 3 bulan.

Zakat fitrah ?

Zakat fitrah sebenar ialah tuntutan untuk kesihatan - pembersih diri sesuai dengan fitrah pemakanan yang diambil secara ruji.
Di rantau ini beras adalah makanan asasi.
Maka sebenarnya beras atau padi perlulah mengikut kepada 'fitrah'nya atau 'karakter'nya yang asal barulah seimbang dengan zakat fitrah setiap mereka yang dituntut melakukannya.
Hasilnya tubuh semakin subur/sihat untuk tahun-tahun berikutnya untuk diri dan keluarga.

Waktu terbaik untuk berzakat fitrah ialah waktu sebelum sembahyang/solat Aidilfitri. AlasannyaL Di pagi Aidilfitri, tuntutan berpuasa tidak lagi berlaku tetapi wajib diraikan dengan kemenangan salah satunya secara pengambilan makanan. Maka itulah simbolik suatu keseimbangan tenaga dalam 'fitrah' atau aturan alam yang berlaku apabila zakat fitrah ditunaikan pada waktu tersebut.

Imbangkan pemakanan melalui nasi untuk membantu merawat penyakit di samping mengawal berat badan.

(Dipetik daripada nota kursus lanjutan CVT).

* Kaedah diagnosis yang digunakan dalam perawatan CVT untuk menguji kesesuaian sesuatu tenaga dengan sistem tubuh

5 FOOD A WOMAN SHOULD NEVER EAT

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Culprit #1: Deep-Fried Anything
Sorry, but if you order deep fried, make deep fried or even use the words deep fried, you might as well look for a cardiologist at the same time. Deep frying is positively the worst possible choice for having anything prepared. And don’t let the words, “lightly fried” fool you either, as in tempura! It’s all wickedness!

Hero #1: Sauteed for Flavor
This cooking technique uses minimal oil (preferably olive oil) and gives your food the flavor and complexity you’re looking for. I sauté my green beans after steaming them in olive oil (not virgin, that’s too fine an oil for heat), a lot of fresh garlic, a little sea salt and a liberal grinding of fresh pepper. Unbelievable taste with very little fat and no bad fat, either.

Culprit #2: White Bread
Thud. Did you hear that? That’s the sound of white bread landing in your gullet. It’s squishy, gooey and gluey and it’s adhering to the sides of your intestines, do you feel it? Blech. Considering the negative nutrition associated with denatured flour, why would anyone make that choice in this enlightened century? Lose the white bread already!

Hero #2: Sprouted Wheat Bread
Okay, check this out. When you sprout grain, then make it into bread, not only is a lot easier on your digestion, it’s packed full of nutrients traditional bread doesn’t have! Consider this nugget: your body looks at sprouted grain as veggies, not starch! That’s good news if your thighs sprout inches just by eating a sandwich with two pieces of bread!

Culprit #3: Shortening and/or Margarine
Solidified fats get that way through a process called hydrogenation, which in turn, makes a multitude of sins called trans fats. Yes, we’ve all heard how bad trans fats are, right? Well, not only does margarine lower your HDL (good cholesterol) it also raises the bad (LDL). Ixnay all the way on margarine (and it’s evil twin shortening…which is essentially unflavored margarine).

Hero #3: Butter
Hallelujah and pass the butter already! Butter, though a definite saturated fat, will raise your good cholesterol unlike margarine. Just use it very moderately. Try Better Butter: half unsalted butter and half extra virgin olive oil whipped together and kept in the fridge in a covered dish. Just like soft spread margarine only 300 times better!

Culprit #4: White Rice
Oh. My. Gosh. Are you really still eating white rice? This depiction of a grain is full of nothingness. The fiber is missing, the B vitamins are virtually unheard of and the glycemic load will take you one step closer to Type 2 Diabetes, if that’s your go-to carb! Dismiss this!

Hero #4: Brown Rice
With three times the amount of fiber, more B vitamins as well as other nutrients, the carb load on brown rice is much easier on your body and a smaller amount will satiate, too. What’s not to love about that, especially if you’re trying to lose a few pounds?

Culprit #5: White Sugar
To quote Gomer Pyle, “Surprise, surprise, surprise.” I bet you knew sugar would be on the list, didn’t you? How can it not. Did you know that consuming white sugar will actually stun your white blood cells from doing their important health preserving work? Yes, sugar impacts your immune system! It doesn’t just eat your teeth and add to your belly fat, it disrupts immune function. Repent from your sugar eating ways and return to the healthy fold!

Hero #5: Dark Chocolate and Fruit
You thought I was going to list alternative or artificial sweeteners, didn’t you? Studies have shown that people who consume diet drinks tend to gain weight doing so. Why is this? The hypothesis is you can’t fool your body like you think — if it tastes sweet, your body may still react to it and gain weight.

Stinks, doesn’t it? But we need to LOSE our sweet teeth, people! That’s the problem, not finding the golden panacea that tastes just like sugar. If you want something sweet, have some fruit and an ounce of very dark chocolate (FULL of phytonutrients, yay!) Once you get over your addiction to sugar, this decadent treat (a bowl of fresh raspberries with melted dark chocolate drizzled over the top) will knock you flat. You’ll happily say NO to donuts!

That’s it for now, y’all! Stay tuned… there is always more to come!

OMG...I'VE BEEN EATING FRIED FOODS ALL THE TIME..N THE WORSE THING THE WHITE RICE FOR EVERY MEAL.. SO HOW????

MISCARRIAGE...

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ERMMM...DH MSUK 6HR MOMMY OTAI KEGUGURAN..SO SAD..
TP SEKARANG DH OK LAA...TKNAK PIKIR2 LAA...
TP PSTU AKU LAGI NK TAU APE SEBAB GUGUR NI..
KATA ORG KALO DH KENA BARU NK TENGADAH..YE KE CMTU EJA...
NI YG AKU DPT..ITS ALL BOUT MISCARRIAGE..

Miscarriage
This factsheet is for people who have had a miscarriage or for those who want to know more about them.
Each year in the UK, hundreds of thousands of women are affected by miscarriage. A miscarriage is when a pregnancy ends before 24 weeks. In the vast majority of cases, there is no way of preventing a miscarriage.
Having a miscarriage does not mean that you won't be able to get pregnant again, and most women go on to have a successful pregnancy.

What is it?
The medical definition of miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before 24 weeks. Miscarriage is very common, occurring in 10 to 20 percent of confirmed pregnancies. Most of these occur in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.

Miscarriage symptoms
The most common symptom is vaginal bleeding, which can range from light spotting to heavier than a period. You may see blood clots, brown discharge or other tissue that is not clearly identifiable.
Often there is cramping, with pelvic or back-pain. You may find that the usual symptoms of pregnancy, such as breast tenderness, feeling sick and having to pass urine more frequently than usual, stop unexpectedly.
Sometimes there are no signs or symptoms of miscarriage and pregnancy symptoms continue, and the miscarriage is only discovered in a routine scan.

Why does it happen?
About half of all early miscarriages happen because of a problem in the way genetic material from the egg and sperm has combined during fertilisation. It can be difficult to find out why this has happened but it is more likely to be due to random chance than to any underlying problem with either parent.
Imbalances in pregnancy hormones, problems in the immune system, and some serious infections (not minor coughs or colds) are also thought to make miscarriages more likely. The risk of miscarriage increases with age, because the quality of eggs deteriorate. If a woman drinks too much alcohol or smokes heavily, the risk of a miscarriage is higher. It is also increased with multiple pregnancies, such as twins.
If a woman has previously taken the contraceptive pill, the risk of having a miscarriage appears to be slightly reduced.
While some studies suggest that stress may play a role in pregnancy loss, it hasn't been shown to cause miscarriages on its own. Research also indicates that doing moderate exercise or having sex whilst pregnant does not increase the risk of miscarriage.
Often the cause of a miscarriage remains unknown. If a miscarriage has started there is very little that can be done to stop it.

What should I do if I notice bleeding in pregnancy?
If you experience vaginal bleeding at any time during pregnancy it is worth contacting your doctor or midwife for advice.
You may be referred to an early pregnancy assessment unit, which is often based at a local hospital, and may be given an ultrasound scan.

At hospital
After a discussion of the symptoms, and possibly an examination, some tests and investigations may be needed to find out what is happening. Some examples are listed below.
An ultrasound scan will show the uterus and any developing embryo. If all is well and the pregnancy is sufficiently advanced, a fetal heartbeat can be seen. If pregnancy is not very far on (less than six to seven weeks) it is sometimes not possible to tell if the pregnancy is continuing, and you may be recommended to have another scan in 7 to 10 days time.
Sometimes a blood test for beta hCG is taken. This is a sensitive blood test which identifies levels of the pregnancy hormone. You may be asked to return after 48 hours to re-take the test. In pregnancy, levels of the hormone rise over time. If they are decreasing, it indicates that the pregnancy has been lost.
You may be given a blood test to find out if you have a rhesus-negative blood group. If you do, you may need an injection to prevent problems in subsequent pregnancies.

Types of miscarriage
Different terms are used to describe miscarriage, depending on what the ultrasound scan or an internal examination reveals.
Threatened miscarriage is used to describe bleeding in early pregnancy, where the cervix is found to be tightly closed. The pregnancy is most likely to continue. Some doctors may advise you to rest in bed, although there is little evidence to suggest that this will make any difference to what happens.
Inevitable miscarriage describes bleeding in early pregnancy where the cervix is found to be open, suggesting that the pregnancy will be lost.
Incomplete miscarriage describes a miscarriage that has definitely started, but there is still some pregnancy tissue left in the uterus. The cervix is usually found to be open.
Complete miscarriage means that the pregnancy has been lost, the uterus is now empty and the cervix has closed.
Missed miscarriage describes a pregnancy that stopped growing some weeks ago, but there was no bleeding at that time. This type of miscarriage usually causes a small amount of dark-brown blood loss and the sudden end of normal pregnancy symptoms but there may be no symptoms at all, coming to light only at a routine scan. It is sometimes called a blighted ovum.

Treatment options
If a miscarriage is complete then you don't need any further treatment. For a missed miscarriage or when there is significant bleeding, treatment with medicines or surgery may be recommended to remove the remaining pregnancy tissue. Some women may prefer to let nature take its course, which is called expectant management.
Doctors can prescribe a combination of misoprostol and mifepristone. These soften the cervix and make the uterus contract so that the remainder of the pregnancy is expelled.
Surgical treatment involves an operation to empty the uterus. This is known as an evacuation of retained products of conception (ERPC), but is sometimes called a dilatation and curettage (D&C). This is carried out under general anaesthesia. A soft plastic tube is passed through the cervix into the uterus and the pregnancy material is removed by suction.
General anaesthesia can temporarily affect your co-ordination and reasoning skills, so you should not drive, drink alcohol, operate machinery or sign legal documents for 48 hours afterwards. If you are in any doubt about driving, please contact your motor insurer so that you are aware of their recommendation, and always follow your doctor's advice.
Research shows that expectant management is linked with an increased risk of bleeding, while surgical treatment carries a slightly increased risk of infection. The decision on what type of treatment is needed may depend on the stage of pregnancy, the amount of bleeding, and your personal choice. Your doctor should explain and discuss the options available to you. In most cases, you should be able to have time to think about what you would prefer.

Recurrent miscarriage
Miscarriage is a very common event and many women experience two or more miscarriages, purely by chance. Having more than one miscarriage can lead to anxieties that a normal pregnancy will never occur. But even after two miscarriages it is unlikely that you have an underlying problem, and there should be every chance of a successful pregnancy in the future.
After three consecutive miscarriages it is advisable to undergo some tests to rule out a specific cause. Possibilities include a hormonal disturbance, genetic problems, abnormalities of the uterus, or a condition of the immune system called "antiphospholipid syndrome". This is a disease where the body's own defence mechanism causes blood clots in the placenta.

Miscarriage later in pregnancy
Four-fifths of miscarriages occur in the first 12 weeks (first trimester) of pregnancy. Pregnancy loss later than this is much less common, and the causes may be different to those described above. You may need more specialist information and advice.

After a miscarriage
The physical effects of a miscarriage tend to clear up quickly. Any bleeding usually settles down within 7 to 10 days, and your next period is likely to follow between four and six weeks later. Sometimes infection can make the bleeding last longer or cause an offensive discharge. If this happens, a course of antibiotics can be prescribed and this will usually clear it up quickly.
The emotional impact of miscarriage can be greater. Grief is a natural reaction to miscarriage and it is normal for it to be as intense as that after any other bereavement. Many women describe a feeling of numbness and emptiness following a miscarriage. Some withdraw, feeling alone and isolated, others may wish to talk about it.
Some couples decide that they want to begin trying for another pregnancy right away, while others feel that this is too soon and need longer to recover. There is no 'right' thing to do, and you have to go with your feelings. It is usually advised to wait at least one normal period before trying again, though it is safe to have sex when the bleeding has settled and you both feel ready.